A- VOCABULARY

New words	Meaning	Picture	Example
accurate /ˈækjərət / (adj)	chính xác		It is not easy to make accurate weather forecast. Nó không dễ để dự báo thời tiết chính xác.
collapse /kəˈlæps/ (v)	sụp đổ		Many buildings collapsed after the earthquake. Rất nhiều tòa nhà sụp đổ sau trận động đất.
debris  /ˈdebriː/ (n)	mảnh vỡ		Be careful of the flying debris in the storm. Hãy cẩn thận với những mảnh vỡ bay trong cơn bão.
disaster / dɪˈzɑːstə(r)/ (n)	thảm họa		Thousands of people died in the disater. Hàng ngàn người đã chết trong thảm họa đó.
drought /draʊt/ (n)	hạn hán		We have suffered three years of drought. Chúng tôi vừa trải qua 3 năm hạn hán.
eruption /ɪˈrʌpʃn/ (n)	Sự phun trào		Vocanic eruptions arevery dangerous. Sự phun trào của núi lửa rất nguy hiểm.
evacuate /ɪˈvækjʊeɪt/ (v)	sơ tán		The locals were evacuated to escape the storm. Người dân địa phương được sơ tán để tránh bão.
injured /ˈɪnʤəd/ (adj)	bị thương		Several people were injured in the tornado. Nhiều người đã bị thương trong cơn lốc xoáy.
relief /rɪˈliːf/  (n)	đồ cứu tế, cứu trợ		They have found a relief organization. Họ vừa mới thành lập một tổ chức cứu hộ.
rescue /ˈreskjuː/ (v)	giải cứu		Two children were rescued from the flood yesterday. Hai đứa trẻ đã được cứu thoát khỏi cơn lũ hôm qua.
severe /sɪˈvɪə(r)/  (adj)	khốc liệt, khắc nghiệt		We experienced a severe winter last year. Chúng tôi đã trải qua một mùa đông khắc nghiệt năm ngoái.
shelter /ˈʃel.tə (r)/  (n)	nơi trú ẩn		The local authorities built night shelters for homeless people. Chính quyền địa phương đã xây nơi trú ẩn vào ban đêm cho người vô gia cư.
survivor /səˈvaɪvə(r)/  (n)	người sống sót		He is the only survivor of the shipwreck. Anh ta là người sống sót duy nhất trong vụ đắm tàu.
temporary /ˈtemprəri/  (adj)	tạm thời		It is just a temporary solution to this problem. Nó chỉ là một giải pháp tạm thời cho vấn đề này.
tornado /tɔːˈneɪdəʊ/  (n)	lốc xoáy		The tornado destroyed all the buildings on its way. Lốc xoáy đã phá hủy tất cả những ngôi nhà trên đường đi của nó.
tsunami /tsuːˈnɑːmi/  (n)	sóng thần		The tsunami caused severe damage. Sóng thần đã gây ra sự tàn phá nghiêm trọng.
typhoon /taɪˈfuːn/  (n)	bão, lốc xoáy		Their house was destroyed during the typhoon. Nhà của họ đã bị phá hủy trong cơn bão.
Wreak havoc /riːk ˈhævək/	tàn phá, phá hủy		Natural disasters wreak havor on people’s lives and property. Thảm họa thiên nhiên tàn phá con người và của cải.

B-GRAMMAR
I-ÔN TẬP CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG (PASSIVE VOICE)

Thì	Cấu trúc câu chủ động	Cấu trúc câu bị động
Hiện tại đơn	S + V (s/es) People speak English here.	S + am/is/are + VpII English is spoken here.
Hiện tại tiếp diễn	S + am/is/are + V-ing They are building a new house.	S + am/is/are + being + VpII A new house is being built
Hiện tại hoàn thành	S + have/has + VpII We have cleaned our car.	S + have/has been + VpII Our car has been cleaned.
Quá khứ đơn	S + Ved/V2 Someone cleaned the room yesterday.	S + was/were + VpII The room was cleaned yesterday.
Quá khứ tiếp diễn	S + was/were + V-ing They were making a cake when I arrived.	S + was/were being + VpII A cake was being made when I arrived.
Tương lai đơn	S + will + V-inf The government will pass the new law next month.	S + will be + VpII The new law will be passed next month.
Tương lai tiếp diễn	S + will be + V-ing She will be singing a song when the prime minister comes in.	S + will be being + VpII The song will be being sung when the prime minister comes in.

BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BẢN
Bài 1: Khoanh tròn vào đáp án đúng.
I. Choose the best verbs to complete the sentences:
1. Yesterday my brother (bought/was bought me) a new T-shirt.
2. Who (was broken/broke) the vase?
3. Yesterday I was having dinner when my door (was knocked/was knocking).
4. At the moment my car (is polishing/is being polished) by my brother.
5. This car (has been used/has used) by Mr. Smith for 5 years.
6. The early train to Manchester city (leaves/is left) at 6 am tomorrow.
7. No one (has heard/has been heard) about the accident last night.
8. If you work hard, you (will reward/will be rewarded).
9. (Have the police caught/Have the poloce been caught) the thieves yet?
10. Which dress (chose/was chosen) to wear by Jane last night?
11. At this time next month, I (will be visiting/will be visited) London with my family.
12. The children (are looking/are being looked) after by a babysister.
13. You (will be receive/ will receive) a lot of compliments if you win the contest.
14. Jim didn’t realize that his wallet (stole/was stolen) until he came home.
15. (Was you brought/Was you bringing) by your grandparents when you were small?
Giải thích: Dựa vào văn cảnh để xác định động từ ở thể bị động hay chủ động.
Bài 2: Hoàn thành các câu sau với thể bị động của động từ trong ngoặc ở thì thích hợp.
            Lưu ý: - Cấu trúc chung nhất của câu bị động các thì tiếp diễn “S+to be+V-ing+VpII”
 - Cấu trúc chung nhất của câu bị động các thì không tiếp diễn “S+to be+VpII”
- Như vậy đối với những thì khác nhau thì động từ “to be” chia theo các cách khác nhau và tùy thuộc vào chủ ngữ.
            1. I (usually take) _ am usually taken __to the cinema by my parents every month.
2. __ Was Jim informed ___(Jim/inform) of the exact date of the conference? No, he wasn’t.
3. The concert (broadcast)__ will be broadcast ____live tomorrow.
4. Yesterday, temparature (forecast) ____ was forecast ___to reach 40⁰C.
5. At this time tomorrow, a birthday cake (make)_will be being made_for our best friend Jessy.
6. Who__was robbed___(rob) of all the properties last week?
7. All the members (treat) __are treated____equally in our organization.
8. Nothing (do)__has been done__so far to prepare for the coming storm.
9. When I was small, I often (call) __was often called__by my nickname.
10. Yesterday, Jim was playing with his dog when the doorbell (ring)___was rung____.
11. What__has been done__(do) so far to lessen the impact of natural disasters?
12. At 8 o’clock yesterday, my brother (feed) __was being fed___by my mother while I (look) _was being looked___after by my father.
13. This film (never show) _has never been shown__on television before.
14. If you submit your assignment late, you (punish)_will be punished___by your teacher.
15. I think more attempts (make) _will be made__in the future to protect people from natura catastrophes.
16. No feasible solutions to this problem (put)__have been put____forward yet.
17. I don’t think that black café (prefer)__is preferred___by many people.
18. Last week, everyone in my class (snow) ____was snowed__under.
Giải thích: be snowed under (dạng bị động): bị phủ kín, bị ngập dưới tuyết.
19. _Are these sheep raised__(these sheep raise) by the local people?
20. Every student (anticipate)__is anticipated___to finish their essay before the deadline.
Bài 3: Chuyển những câu chủ động sau đây thành câu bị động.
1. Jim will pick me to the airport tomorrow.
_ I will be picked to the airport by Jim tomorrow ___________________________
2. Peter wrote his report last week.
__Peter’s report was written last week_______________________
3. They will replace the old equipment with new one.
__ The old equipment will be replaced with new one____________________________
4. What will they do to prevent natural disasters?
___ What will be done to prevent natural disasters?_______________________
5. I think we will soon use up the natural resourses.
___ I think the natural resourses will soon be used up _____________________
6. The children water the trees every two days.
___ The trees are watered every two days _________________________________
7. They never mentioned Jim in their conversation.
___ Jim was never mentioned in their conversation _________________________
8. At this time next month I will be sitting an English text.
__ At this time next month an English text will be being sat__________________
9. When will they sell their new products?
___ When will their new products be sold?_________________________________
10. At midnight, my brother and I was making a wish list.
___ At midnight, a wish list was being made by my brother and me______________
11. My mother is preparing dinner at the moment.
__ Dinner is being prepared by my mother at the moment ______________________
12. No one will buy products with poor quality.
____ Products with poor quality won’t be bought______________________________
13. They will not allow your dog to enter the museum.
____ Your dog won’t be allowed to enter the museum ___________________________
14. Have anyone heard of Jim and Jane’s luxury wedding?
____Has Jim and Jane’s luxury wedding been heard by anyone?____________________
15. The boys are using the computer to look up information.
____ The computer is being used by the boys to look up information ________________
Bài 4: Chuyển những câu bị động dưới đây thành câu chủ động.
1. A gift was sent to me by my old students.
___ My old students sent me a gift _______________________________________
2. You are not allow by the teacher to cheat in the exam.
___ The teacher doesn’t allow you to cheat in the exam ________________________
3. My table is being fixed by my father.
___ My father is fixing my table____________________________________________
4. How long has this fax machine been used by Mr. Green?
__ How long has Mr. Green used this fax machine _____________________________
5. The singer was not recognized by his fan when he was at the restaurant.
__ His fan didn’t recognize this singer when he was at the restaurant ________________
6. He will be disqualified from the competition by the judges if he uses drugs.
___ The judges will disqualify him from this competition if he uses drugs ___________
7. All the unnecessary lights will be turned off to save energy.
___They will turn off all the unnecessary lights to save energy ___________________
8. Jane was prevented from staying up too late by her mother.
___ Jane’s mother prevented her from staying up too late _______________________
9. Was this document typed by Mr. Brown?
___ Did Mr. Brown type this document?____________________________________
10. Many dead people were found by the recuers after the earthquake.
__ The recuers found many dead people after the earthquake __________________
Giải thích: Tân ngữ (sau “by”) của câu bị động chuyển lên làm chủ ngữ của câu chủ động.
Động từ chuyển từ thể bị động sang chủ động.
Chủ ngữ của câu bị động chuyển thành tân ngữ (sau động từ) của câu chủ động.
Bài 5: Sắp xếp các từ đã cho thành câu hoàn chỉnh.
1. Jim/one/preferred/Which/ - /tea/is/coffee/by/or?
___ Which one is preferred by Jim – tea or coffee? __________________
   Thứ nào được ưa thích bởi Jim – trà hay cà phê?
2. been/Many/caused/problems/that/storm/fierce/have/by.
__ Many problems have been caused by that fierce storm _______________________
3. Many/tornado/were/buildings/by/the/destroyed/last/night.
___ Many buildings were destroyed by the tornado last night. _______________________
4. caused/Numerous/diseases/are/lack/by/of/water/fresh/the.
__ Numerous diseases are caused by the lack of fresh water ______
5. At/extra/the/moment/atentions/,/paid/to/are/storm/upcoming/the.
__ At the moment, extra atentions are paid to the upcoming storm. __________
6. person/a/was/left/Not/behind/single/the/flood/in.
___ Not a single person was left behind in the flood. ______________
7. are/All/victims/flood/the/helped/local/the/by authorities/being.
____ All the flood victims are being helped by the local authorities ______________
8. Shelters /be/to/provided/will/homeless/in/next/few/people/months/the.
___ Shelters will be provided to homeless people in the next few months. __________
9. No/severely/was/one/tornado/yesterday/injured/in/the.
____ No one was severely injured in the tornado yesterday ___________
10. a/scientists/now/A/is/speech/delivered/being/by/renowed.
_____ A speech is being delivered by a renowed scientists now________________
II- THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH (PAST PERFECT)

Cấu trúc	(+) S + had + VpII (past participle) (-)  S + had not/hadn’t + VpII. (?)  Had+ S + VpII? g Yes, S + had./No, S + hadn’t.
Ví dụ	(+) I had left when they came. (Khi họ đến thì tôi đã rời đi rồi). (-)  I hadn’t left when they came. (Khi họ đến thì tôi đã không rời đi). (?)  Had you left when they came? (Khi họ đến, bạn đã rời đi rồi à?)       Had you not left when they came? (Khi họ đến, bạn đã không rời đi à?)       Hadn’t you left when they came? (Khi họ đến, bạn đã không rời đi à?)
Cách dùng	- Diễn tả một hành động đã được hoàn tất trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: He had left the house before she came. - Diễn tả một hành động đã được hoàn tất trước một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: We had had lunch by two o’clock yesterday.             By the age of 25, he had written two famous novels.
Dấu hiệu nhận biết	by + thời gian trong quá khứ before, after, when, by the time, as soon as, as…….

BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BẢN
Bài 6: Hoàn thành những câu sau, sử dụng thì quá khứ hoàn thành của động từ.
            1. When I arrived at the station, the train (leave)___had left____.
2. My friend (live)___had lived____in China before she moved to American.
3. They (never been) ____had never been __ here before.
4. After I (finish) _ had finished ___ my breakfast, I went to work.
5. The student (not finish)_hadn’t finished_their assignments so they were in great troubles.
6. After the couple (eat) _had eaten___seafood at a seaside restauran, they felt sick.
7. If you (listen) __ had listened __to my advice, you wouldn’t have made that silly mistake.
8. What did Jim do after he (finish)__ had finished __his homework?
9. The trees were dead because it (be)__had been___dry all the summer.
10. _Had you met____(you/meet) Jane anywhere before?
11. Yesterday I was late for the train becase I (forget) _had forgotten___my ticket home.
12. Peter told me that he (prepare) __ had prepared__every thing for his party.
13. The grass was yellow as it (not rain) ___hadn’t rained__all summer.
14. The electricity was cut off because we (not pay)__hadn’t paid____our hydro bill on time.
15. We (not eat) _hadn’t eaten___all the morning sowe felt very hungry.
Bài 7: Khoanh tròn vào đáp án đúng.
            1. My co-worker (had not used/didn’t use) email before, so I showed him how to use it.
            2. Because I (hadn’t studied/didn’t study) for the test, I was very nervous.
            3. The wave (had destroyed/ destroyed) the sandcastle that we had built yesterday.
            4. When shewent out to meet her friends, she (had already done/ already did) all the chores.
            5. The waitress brought a drink that I (didn’t order/ hadn’t ordered) before.
6. (Had you given/ did you give) James a ring before you dropped by his apartment?
7. Susan (took/had taken) a rest after she had washed all the dishes.
8. When Jim came to the meeting, everyone (had left/left).
9. Before she had dinner, she (had washed/washed) her hands carefully.
10. Before I (had gone/went) out, I asked my parents for permissions.
11. I could not remember the name of the man we (met/had met) the week before.
12. We (ate/had eaten) all the cakes mymom had made.
13. Before she (came/had come) home, she had met some of her old friends.
14. Before Jane (started/ had started) to make the cake, she had prepared all the ingredients.
15. I (had fed/fed) my cat before I left home.
Lưu ý: - Trong câu ở thì quá khứ có liên từ “before” thì mệnh đề ngay sau đó thường chia về thì quá khứ đơn, mệnh đề còn lại thường chia về quá khứ hoàn thành.
- Câu có liên từ “after” thì mệnh đề ngay sau đó thường chia về thì quá khứ hoàn thành, mệnh đề còn lại thường chia về thì quá khứ đơn.
Bài 8: Dựa vào những từ cho trước, viết câu hoàn chỉnh.
1. By/age/of/twelve/Jim/be/able/to/speak/English/fluently.
__ By the age of twelve, Jim had been able to speak English fluently _____________
2. She/gain/a lot of/working/experience/before/she/apply/for/that/job.
____ She had gained a lot of working experience before she applied for that job. _________
3. We/be/great/troubles/because/we/spend/all/the/money.
____ We were in great troubles because we had spent all the money _______________
4. My father/know/well/about/London/because/he/be/there/many/times.
____ My father knew well about London because he had been there many times ______
5. My friend/study/Japanese/before/she/move/to/Japan.
___ My friend had studied Japanese before she moved to Japan _________________
6. Peter/own/a/big/house/for/10 years/before/he/move/to/countryside.
__Peter had owned a big house for 10 years before he moved to the countryside._______
7. Where/you/live/before/1954?
__ Where had you lived before 1954?_______________________
8. Our team/encounter/many/obstacles/before/we/succeed.
____ Our team had encountered many obstacles before we succeeded __________
9. Cindy/be/sick/until/she/stop/eating/junk food.
___ Cindy had been sick until she stopped eating junk food ______________________
10. I/be/in/Canada/for/7 years/before/I/move/to/America.
______ I had been in Canada for 7 years before I moved to America ________________
Lưu ý: - Trong câu ở thì quá khứ có liên từ “before” thì mệnh đề ngay sau đó thường chia về thì quá khứ đơn, mệnh đề còn lại thường chia về quá khứ hoàn thành.
- Câu có liên từ “after” thì mệnh đề ngay sau đó thường chia về thì quá khứ hoàn thành, mệnh đề còn lại thường chia về thì quá khứ đơn.
BÀI TẬP TỔNG HỢP NÂNG CAO
Bài 9: Đánh dấu [ü] trước câu đúng, đánh dấu [x] trước câu có lỗi sai và sửa lại cho đúng.
            __X___ 1. The tallest building in our city was collapsed last week.
Lỗi sai: was collapsed                     Sửa: collapsed
Giải thích: Dựa vào văn cảnh để xác định động từ ở thể chủ động hay bị động. “Ngôi nhà cao nhất thành phố đã sụp đổ tuần trước.”
Lưu ý: “collapse” là một nội động từ (intransitive verb) và không bao giờ dùng dạng bị động.
            __ü__ 2. All the people in my village have already evacuated before the food.
Câu đúng
            __ X __ 3. How many people were the rescuers found yesterday?
Lỗi sai: were the rescuers found                Sửa: did the rescuers find
Giải thích: Dựa vào văn cảnh để xác định động từ ở thể chủ động hay bị động. “Những nhân viên cứu hộ đã tìm thấy bao nhiêu người?”
            __ X ___ 4. Temporary shelters will be providing to the food victims.
Lỗi sai: be providing                                 Sửa: be being provided
Giải thích: Dựa vào văn cảnh để xác định động từ ở thể chủ động hay bị động. “Những chỗ ở tạm thời đang được cung cấp cho những nạn nhân của lũ lụt”
            ___ X _ 5. Their houses swept away in the storm.
Lỗi sai: swept                                             Sửa: was swept
Giải thích: Dựa vào văn cảnh để xác định động từ ở thể chủ động hay bị động. “Nhà của họ bị cuốn đi trong cơn bão”
            __X___ 6. Were anyone injured by the flying debris in the storm.
Lỗi sai: Were                                                       Sửa: was
Giải thích: Câu bị động ở thì quá khứ đơn với chũ ngữ “anyone” nên to be chia thành  “was”.
            __X___ 7. Natural disasters are wreaked havoc on human and the environment.
Lỗi sai: are wreaked havoc                             Sửa: wreak havoc
Giải thích: Dựa vào văn cảnh để xác định động từ ở thể chủ động hay bị động “Thảm họa thiên nhiên có ảnh hưởng nặng nề tới con người và môi trường”.
            __X___ 8.What has done to support the people in the flooded area?
Lỗi sai: has done                                           Sửa: has been done
Giải thích: Dựa vào văn cảnh để xác định động từ ở thể chủ động hay bị động “Điều gì đã được làm để ủng hộ người dân vùng lũ?”.
            _ü___ 9. Many people havedonated money to build houses for poor people.
Câu đúng
            __ü__ 10. They were informed about upcoming storm by the local authorities.
Câu đúng
Bài 10: Dựa vào những từ cho trước, viết thành câu hoàn chỉnh.
1. After /the storm/pass/people/come/back/to/their/ normal/life.
__ After the storm had passed, people came back to their normal life _____
Giải thích: Hành động “pass” xảy ra trước hành động “come” nên “pass” chia về quá khứ hoàn thành, “come” chia về quá khứ đơn.
2. A decent meal/prepare/by/my mother/after/ she/ come/ home/ after/ work.
___ A decent meal was prepared by my mother after she had come home after work ____
Giải thích: Hành động “come” xảy ra trước hành động “prepare” nên “come” chia về quá khứ hoàn thành, “come” chia về quá khứ đơn. Dựa vào văn cảnh để xác định mệnh đề thứ nhất động từ ở thể bị động.
3. By 1990, my family/ settle down/ in New Jersey/ for 10 years.
__ By 1990, my family had settled down in New Jersey for 10 years __________
Giải thích: Hành động “settle” xảy ra trước một thời điểm trong quá khứ (by 1990) nên chia về quá khứ hoàn thành.
4. Jim/ have/ a/ shower/ when/ doorbell/ ring/ by/ his wife.
___ Jim was having a shower when the doorbell was rung by his wife _________________
Giải thích: Hành động “have” đang xảy ra thì hành động “ring” chen vào nên “have” chia về thì quá khứ tiếp diễn, “ring” chia về thì quá khứ đơn. Dựa vào văn cảnh để xác định mệnh đề thứ hai động từ ở thể bị động.
5. At this time last year/ a project/ on/ environmental/ issues/ carry/ by Dr.Brown.
At this time last year,  a project on environmental issues was being carried by Dr.Brown.
Giải thích: Câu bị động ở thì quá khứ tiếp diễn.
6. They/ prepare/ carefully/ for/ the hurricane/ before/ it/ arrive.
__ They had prepared carefully for the hurricane before it arrived __________
Giải thích: Hành động “prepare” xảy ra trước hành động “arrive” nên “prepare” chia về thì quá khứ hoàn thành, “arrive” chia về thì quá khứ đơn
7. Many people/ live/ in temporary shelters/ until/ the/ storm/ pass.
__ Many people had lived in temporary shelters until the storm passed._________
Giải thích: Hành động “live” xảy ra trước hành động “pass” nên “live” chia về thì quá khứ hoàn thành, “pass” chia về thì quá khứ đơn
8. Earthquakes/ in Japan/ cause/ devastating/ effects/ on/ human/ and/ environment/ recently.
Earthquakes in Japan have caused devastating effects on human and the environment recently.
 Giải thích: Câu bị động ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành.
Bài 11: Cho dạng đúng của từ trong ngoặc để hoàn thành các câu dưới đây.
            1. I (tell) _was told__by Jim that he (paint) _had painted__the entire house.
2. Japanese children (teach) _are taught__how to escape an earthquake at an early age.
3. When we (arrive)_arrived____, we (find)__found__that the bus (leave)__had left__.
4. The police (evacuate)_had evacuated_ the building before it (collapse)__ collapsed__.
5. When she (call) __called_me last night, I (go) _had gone_to sleep, so I could’t answer her.
6. I (never meet)__had never met ____Peter before the party last night.
7. Food and shelters (provide)__are being provided_to the local people at the moment.
8. What (do)_has been done_so far to minimize the impacts of natural disasters in our country.
9. I (prepare) __has prepared_carefully before I (give) the _gave___the presentation about the impacts of natural disasters.
10. My friend (save)_ had saved_ a lot of money before he (decide) decided_to buy a new house.
11. I hope that financial aids (offer)_ will be offered __to the poor people in the drought area.
12. Peter and Jane (eat)__had eaten____before they (come) __came__to see me.
13. So far, hundreds of the temporary shelters (provide)__have been provided__to the earthquake victims.
14. A relief agency (just found)__has just been founded___to lessen the effects of the flood on human’s property.
15. Survivors of the earthquake (receive)___had received__help from the authorities before they could get back to their normal life.
Bài 12: Hoàn thành những câu sau với dạng đúng của những động từ cho sẳn.

evacuate              injure              rescue                  provide        forecast               destroy            suffer                   cause

1. Many people__had suffered__from waterborne diseases after the severe flood last year.
            2. The locals__had been evacuated ___from their village to escape the earthquake already.
3. Free food and fresh water __is provided___to the victims of natural disaster every year.
4. Five people__have been rescued___from drowning in the rushing stream so far.
5. The tornado ___had destroyed___many houses before it stopped.
6. Some people __were injured___after the earthquake.
7. A hurricane___is forecast____by the meteorologists to reach our area next week.
8. Every year, natural disasters____cause___loss of human life, damage to property and deterioration of the environment.
Bài 13: Khoanh tròn vào đáp án đúng.
Throughout its history, Japan (1)________from the destructive sea surges, known as tsunami. Tsunamis (2)________by earthquakes, hundreds of which strike Japan each year. It is of utmost importance that Japan is always ready for this chain of natural disasters. In Japan, high-rise buildings in major cities (3)________so that they (4)_______rather than shake during earthquakes, making them safer. Besides, new regualtions for quake-proofing buildings came into force, and some local governments (5)_____citizens a structural health check on their homes. Some coastal areas have tsunamis (6)_______, while others (7)________built floodgates to withstand inflows of water from tsunamis. And if an earthquake above a certain magnitude (8)_________, the bullet train will stop and nuclear and other plants will automatically go into temporary shut-down.
1. A.had suffered  B. has suffered      C. had been suffered     D. has been suffered
2. A.trigger           B. are triggered     C. triggered                             D. were triggered
3. A.design           B. are designed      C. designed                             D. were designed
4. A.sway               B. are swaying    C. are swayed               D. have swayed
5. A. offer              B. are offering     C. are offered                D. offered
6. A.home            B. house              C. shelter                        D. habitat
7. A.build              B. are building     C. are built                    D. have built
8. A.strikes            B. is striking        C. has struck                 D. is struck
Bài 14: Đọc bài đọc dưới đây và trả lời câu hỏi.
          Flood stands amongst the most devastating natural catastrophes. Almost everyone is well aware of its negative impacts on human such as loss of human life, damage to property, destruction of crops, loss of livestocks, and deterioration of health conditions owing to waterborne diseases.
          However, flood can also have some positive impacts on the environment. In many natural systems, floods play the key role in maintaining the ecosystem functions and biodiversity. They link the river with the land surrounding it, recharge ground water systems and fill wetlands. Moreover, floodwater often carries both sediment and nutrients, so it helps enrich the land. For many species, flood trigger breeding events, migration, and dispesal. The environmental benefits of flooding can also help the economy through things such as increased  fish production, recharge of groundwater resourses, and maintainance of recreational environments.
While cycling of sediments and nutrients is essential to a healthy ecosystem, too much sediment and nutrient in a waterway lowers the downstream water quality. Other negative effects include loss of habitat, dispersal of weed species and the release of pollutants such as chemicals, heavy metals and debris. These can degrade aquatic habitats, lower water quality, reduce coastal production, and contaminate coastal food resources.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
    A. Negative impacts of flood on human.
    B. Negative impacts of flood on the ecosystem.
    C. Effects of flood on the environment.
2. What does the word “catastrophes” mean?
    A. disasters
    B. phenomena
    C. sources
catastrophe = disaster: thảm họa
phenomenon: hiện tượng
source: nguồn
3. In which way does flood affect human health as mentioned in the first paragraph?
    A. waterborne diseases
    B. loss of property
    C. loss of liverstock
Dẫn chứng: … and deterioration of health conditions owing to waterborne diseases.
4. Which is not mentioned as a way flood helps maintain the ecosystem functions and biodiversity?
    A. It recharges ground water systems.
    B. It carries both sediment and nutrients.
    C. It maintains recreational environments.
Dẫn chứng: In many natural systems, floods play the key role in maintaining the ecosystem functions and biodiversity. They link the river with the land surrounding it, recharge ground water systems and fill wetlands.
5. What happens if there is too much sediment and nutrient in a waterway?
    A. Breeding events are triggered.
    B. The quality of downstream water is lowered.
    C. It maintains a healthy ecosystem.
Dẫn chứng: While cycling of sediments and nutrients is essential to a healthy ecosystem, too much sediment and nutrient in a waterway lowers the downstream water quality.